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Cedar or Lote-tree in the light of
By : Dr. M.I.H. Farooqi (Dr. Mohammed Iqtedar Husain Farooqi)
Quranic Name
: Sidr
Common Names
: 1.
Shajaratul-Allah, Arz, Arz al-Rab, Arz al-Lebanon (Arab.),Cedar
(Eng.), Zizafun, Zizfum. Sedr (Pers.), Sedir (Turk.),
Cedre (Fr.), Zeder (Ger.),
Cedrus (Lat.), Erez, Ahrazim (Heb.), Cedros, Kedros, (Gr.),
Cedro (It & Sp.), Kedr (Russ) Pohon Cedar (Indon)
2. Nabbak, Sidra
(Arabic)
Dian ci zao,(Chin) Jujube,/Lotus
(Eng.) Jujubier/Loto (Fr.) Jujube/Lotus (Ger.).
Natsume (Jap.).
Bidara (Malay, Indon).
Azufaifo. (Sp.) Beri, Unnab (Hindi, Urdu).
Botanical Name
: 1. Cedrus
libani Loud. (Family : Pinaceae) 2. Ziziphus spina-christi / Z.lotus /
Z.mauritiana (Family : Rhamnaceae)
Quranic References :
1.
SURAH XXXIV (Saba-The
City of Saba). V:15 : 16
There was, for Saba aforetime, a Sign in their homeland-two Gardens to the right
and to the left. ‘‘Eat of the
Sustenance (provided) by your Lord, and be grateful to him: a territory fair and
happy, and a Lord Oft-Forgiving! (15) But they turned away (from God), and We
sent against them the flood (released) from the Dams, and We converted their two
Garden (rows) into ‘‘gardens producing bitter fruit, and tamarisks, and some few
(stunted) Lote-trees. (16)
2.
SURAH LIII (An-Najm-The
Star). V : 7-18
While he was in the highest part of the horizon: (7) Then he
approached and came closer, (8) and was at a distance of but two
bow-lengths or (even) nearer; (9) so did (God) convey the inspiration to His
Servant (conveyed) what He (meant) to convey. (10) The (Prophet’s) (mind and)
heart in no way falsified that which he saw. (11) Will ye then dispute with him
concerning what he saw ? (12) For indeed he saw him at a second descent, (13)
near the Lote-tree beyond which
none may pass: (14) Near it is the Garden of Abode. (15) Behold, the Lote-tree
was shrouded (in mystery unspeakable!) (16) (his) sight never swerved nor did it
go wrong! (17) For truly did he see, of the Signs of his Lord the Greatest!
(18).
3.
SURAH LVI (Al-Waqia
- The Inevitable Event). V : 27 - 34
The Companions of the Right Hand,-what will be the Companions of the Right Hand
? (27) (They will be) among Lote-trees without thorns. (28) among Talh trees
with flowers (or fruits) piled one above another, - (29) in shade long-extended,
(30) by water flowing constantly, (31) and fruit in abundance, (32) whose season
is not limited, nor (supply) forbidden, (33) And on Thrones (of Dignity), raised
high. (34)
There are four references of the word ‘Sidrah’ in the Holy Qur’an. Twice
it is mentioned in Surah Najm and once each in Surah Waqiah and
Surah Saba. Of these four references, only one pertains to this earth
(Surah Saba) while the rest three have been mentioned in the description
of the paradise and the skies.
Most of the commentators and translators of the Qur’an in English have
considered Sidrah to be the Lote-Tree which in Arabic is known as
either Nabq or ‘Unnab and in European languages as jujube
or Ziziphus. Maulana Usmani, however, states in his commentary of Quran,
that Sidra al-Muntaha referred to in Verse 57 of Surah Najm should
not be confused with Jujubes. Only God known what type of tree it is? It also
reported through some Traditions of The Prophet (SAAS) that the roots of
gigantic Sidrah would be in the sixth sky while its branches spread over
to the seventh sky. Maulana Majid (Commentary of Quran) while describing the
meaning of Surah Waqia, has stated that some well-known Arabic
commentators of the Qur’an have expressed the opinion that Sidrah does
not actually mean the Lote-Tree but “it is some other beautiful tree.” Several
Arabia, English and Urdu commentators have stated that Divine Summons were
received by Prophet Mosses near a celebrated tree and Prophet Muhammad had the
God’s Vision also near a tree called in Quran as Sidrah.
In Lughat al-Qur’an, (Arabic Dictionary) Sidr is defined as a tree
signifying the utmost boundary of human knowledge. Similarly Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
in the Dictionary of the Quran, considered Sidrat-al-Munteha as a limit
of Man’s perception. Maulana Maudoodi in his commentary of the Quran, says that
it is actually a place where Holy Prophet met Gabriel for the second time in
person and it is difficult to know the exact nature and description of this
Sidrah tree. Nevertheless, in his opinion it was something for which the word
Sidr was considered by God to be the most suitable word in human language.
Hughes (Meaning of Quran), considered Sidrat al-Munteha as the tree of
extremity.
Allama Yusuf Ali (Meaning of the Glorious Quran) has identified Sidrah as
Lote-Tree of the genus Ziziphus that occurs in Arabia in wild states as
well as in cultivation (Note No. 3814, 5092). Inspite of the fact that some
commentators of the Qur’an have identified Sidra as the possible
Lote-Tree (Ziziphus Species), it is important to note that majority of
them have retained the original word Sidrat al-Munteha or Sidrah
in their translations of Surah Najm (V.57). Dawood has translated
Sidrat al-Munteha as Sidrah tree and Sidre-Makhzud as a
thornless Sidrah.
In order to establish the actual identity and true nature of Sidrah, one
must take into account very carefully the purpose of the Quranic reference of
this tree. Of all the four references of the word Sidrah, not even a
single Verse describes or indicates the occurrence of its fruit. Furthermore, in
none of the verses of the whole Qur’an, one finds the mention of Sidr
along with other fruit bearing trees, namely Date (Nakhl), Olive (Zaitun),
Fig (Teen), Grape (‘Inab), and Pomegranate (Rumman). All
these fruits and fruit bearing trees have been mentioned together several times
in many verses but in none Sidr has been clubbed with them. Thus, it is
evidently clear that by mentioning Sidrah, Allah has actually emphasized
the beauty, strength and grandeur of some tree and not the fruit. For instance,
in Surah Najm and Surah Waqiah, a spectacular and panoramic view
of Skies and Paradise has been described mentioning Sidrah, whereas in
Surah Saba, Sidr is mentioned as one of the devastating floods of
Eram (the other two trees being Tamarisk i.e. Athal and Mustard tree i.e.
Khamt).
Before trying to identify true Sidrah, let us consider the opinion of
those who claim it to the Lote-Tree of the genus Ziziphus. According to
Paxton, the name Ziziphus has been derived from the Arabic word
Ziziofun, which means a spiny shrub. In fact all the species of Ziziphus
are armed with spines or thorns and are not deep-rooted plants. The three
species of Ziziphus occurring in Arabia are Z.mauritiana, which is
the source of jujube fruits, Z.lotus, which produces the edible fruits
known as ‘Unnab (in Arabic), and Z.spina-christi, thorns of which
are said to have been used to make the crown for Holy Christ. These species are
generally spiny shrubs but sometimes attain the size of a small tree. All of
them do produce edible fruits although in taste none can be rated as good as the
ones described in the Qur’an, namely date, grape, figs, pomegranate and olive.
Ziziphus trees are good source of fuel but by no measures any of the
three is held suitable for timber. All these plants are found in tropical
regions of Africa and Asia and are not found in hilly regions having a cool
climate. Orchards of pure Ziziphus are seldom planted. These are either
found wild or cultivated in patches or around gardens as protective barriers or
hedges.
Now taking into account the characteristics of Ziziphus, one is led to
the conclusion that Sidrah of the Qur’an may not be any of its species
because in Surah Najm and Surah Waqiah, beauty of the Sidrah
plants has been described while in Surah Saba, it is mentioned in the
cool environment of the hilly regions of Yemen which is about 4000 ft. above sea
level. At such heights Ziziphus
are not supposed to grow, at least not wild. Ziziphus cannot be taken as a
graceful and useful tree so as to deserve its description in the Verses
regarding Sidratul-Muntaha and Paradise. One must also remember that
there is no mention of Sidrah fruits in the said verses. Under the
circumstances, one is compelled to analyze the comments of those scholars who
have stated that Sidrah may be some “other good tree”. This prompts us to
consider the possibility of the Cedar of Lebanon as the true Sidr of the
Quran. This majestic tree is botanically known as Cedrus libani commonly
called in Arabic as Arz al-Rab (Arz of the God) or Shajaratul
-Allah (Tree of the Lord) or Arz al-Lebanon. It is not only the most
beautiful and imposing tree of Arabia but probably the grandest amongst the
entire plant kingdom. Cedrus libani is a very tall tree reaching the
height upto one hundred fifty feet with a trunk of about eight feet diameter and
often having a girth of as much as forty feet. It has a thick growth of dark
green foliage with spread out branches. The whole plant with its terraced effect
of the foliage imparts the tree a dignity and grandeur of a big pyramid when
seen from a distance. Moldenke (Plants of Bible) has very rightly stated that by
looking at the Cedar tree (or its forest) one is lost by its beauty.
The wood of the Cedar is a quality timber. It is shiny, light, durable and
pleasant smelling because of the presence of a resin known as Cedar oil. These
were the reasons that big Prayer Halls were made by Cedar wood during
pre-Christian era. Such structures did not require much attention for their
cleanliness and washings. It is said that the great Palace of Solomon was built
by the timber of this marvelous tree and for which one hundred eighty thousand
labourers were employed to cut down the huge trees and transported to the
capital Jerusalem. During the period of Pharaohs too, large forests of Cedar of
Lebanon were cut down and its timber was transported to
Egypt to build Palaces and Temples, which lasted for several centuries.
Cutting of Cedar trees became so frequent that a stage was reached during the
time of Holy Christ when these trees became scarce and in some regions their
cutting and destruction was very much discouraged and disliked.
The celebrated tree of Lebanon has been mentioned in the Bible by the name of
Erez, which in the versions of Greek and other European languages has been
translated as Kedros, Cedrus, Cedro, and Cedros etc. It has been claimed
that the Hebrew names Erez and its equivalent in Arabic i.e. Arz have
been derived from Sematic language. Similarly, its other names like Cedrus,
Cedro etc. have also their origin in Sematic language. It is a historical
fact that before the advent of Islam, the vast areas of Syria, Palestine and
Iraq were under the Greek and Roman influence. Consequently many Roman and Greek
names of the plants were adopted in Arabic language too, obviously with some
changes in their pronunciation and format. Thus, it is very likely that Arz
(Arabic) and Erez (Hebrew) also became known as Sidr or Sidrah
in Arabic as a derivation of Cedrus, Cedro and Kedros. However,
when the true Cedar i.e. Sidrah of the Qur’an became a scarce tree even
in Lebanon and Syria, people started calling other trees also as Sidrah.
For instance, Juniperus found in the hilly habitat of Hijaz and other
high altitude areas of Arabia were also called Arz (Sidr) although its
original Arabia name was ‘Ar’Ar. When the Juniper forests were also cut
down, as was the fate of Cedrus libani, to meet out the population demand
for timber and fuel, some other trees also became known as Sidrah.
Ziziphus was foremost amongst them particularly in view of the fact that
several species of this genus like Z.lotus (Arabic, Unnab) and
Z.spina-christi were found wild in peninsular Arabia. That is how the true
Sidrah of Cedrus libani i.e. Arz al-Rab was pushed to
oblivion and instead the misapplied name of Sidrah for Lote-Tree (Ziziphus
species) became popular and familiar with the masses. In fact, such changes
in the local or vernacular names of the plants are a fairly common phenomenon in
the floristic wealth of a country or in the linguistic regions. For example,
Kinos, Copals, Teak etc. are applied for several altogether different plant
species, which belong to different genera and even families. Hence, it may be
easily concluded that the true Sidrah was the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus
Iibani) though quite a few Juniperus and Ziziphus were also
called Sidrah.
The photographs of true Cedar of Lebanon (Sidrah) given in this book are
in itself the testimony of its grandeur, strength and majestic size of the tree
of the Qur’an. Steingass (Persian-English Dictionary) has given the meaning of
Sidrat Qamat as “tall stature” obviously referring to the meaning of
Sidrah. In fact Cedar was once known as the king of the forests and there
are several references of this very tree in the Holy Bible. It is also called
the tree of God and is glorified in one of the Verses as under:
The Tree of the Lord, the Cedar of Lebanon who he hath planted (Book of Psalm
104: 16).
In another verse, Cedar is mentioned in
the following words:
The Hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs thereof were goodly
Cedars (Book of Psalm 80: 10).
It is interesting to note that the Cedar is known in Arabic as Shajar
al-Allah or Shajar al-Rab and the allied species Cedrus deodara
occurring in the Himalayas, is known in Sanskrit and Hindi as Deodar which
means the wood or tree of God.
As already stated, during the period right form Holy Christ till the emergence
of Islam, Al-Arz was known in
Greek and other European languages by words quite akin to Sidrah and,
therefore, if the Arz al-Lebanon is taken to be the Sidrah (Sidr)
of the Qur’an, all the Quranic Verses describing Sidr become very clear and
appropriate to the plant.
The tree of Sidrah on the sixth and seventh skies (Surah Najm) was
the one, which was the tallest of the area and one of the most beautiful
creations of God, and of course this plant was the subject of description and
glory of most of the Prophet. The same tree has been mentioned in another Surah
(Waqia) when Scene of Paradise is projected, and the word
Sidre-Makhdud meaning thornless Sidrah, has been mentioned because in
the next sentence of the same Surah, the tree named Talha is mentioned
which is a thorny tree i.e. Acacia seyal.
Obviously in Surah Saba, the
description of Sidrah now becomes very clear when it is said that only
three types of trees escaped devastation by floods, otherwise all the garden
were completely destroyed. These were Khamt (Salvadora persica), Athl
(Tamarix aphylla) and Sidrah (Cedrus libani), all of them being
deep-rooted strong trees and hence their survival during the flood of Eram
at Ma’arib is a most logical and natural episode. There is every
possibility of the occurrence of Cedar (Cedrus libani) at Ma’arib
because this hilly area is said to have a cold climate because of its height
(about 4000 ft) and cedar is actually the plant of hilly areas and cold climate.
It can be easily perceived that Cedar of Lebanon must have existed in Yemen,
which was a highly civilized and wealthy kingdom during that time.
The botanical literature on the floristic of Arabia written by various experts
during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century also indicate that the
three species of Ziziphus, many Junipers as well as few species of
Tamarix are still locally known as Sidr and Arz. This amply demonstrate that
at the time of the advent of Islam, true Sidr must have been the
al-Arz (Cedar) of Lebanon but both the names of Sidr and Arz
would also have been in use for other trees of Juniperus (Arabic,
‘Ar’Ar) and Ziziphus too. However, in Greek, Italian and other
languages, which had a great impact on Northern Arabia, Cedrus, Cedar etc. meant
only the Cedrus libani and not Ziziphus.
Some of the sayings of Prophet Muhammad also prove that Sidr of the Quran
must be the tall tree Cedrus and not a thorny shrub like Ziziphus. For
instance, there is a Hadith (Tradition) in Abu Dawud according to which Prophet
is reported to have said, “all those who would cut Sidr would be sent to Hell
with their heads down.” Similarly, Hisham bin Urwah once stated, “I have heard
in Mecca that Holy Prophet Muhammad has condemned those who cut Sidr”.
Prophet said this in context of the practice of some people in Mecca who used
Sidr timber for the Iraq. These Traditions (Abu Dawud) of the Prophet’s
warning against the destruction and cutting of these trees was a part of his
scientific attitude to conserve the vegetation wealth and to maintain the
ecological balance. It may be said that is some forests of Cedar are still seen
in Lebanon and Syria today, it must have been because of the general attitude of
Muslims against their cutting. Otherwise, had the cutting of these forests been
allowed, the Cedar would have been non-existent by now. The above referred to
Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad are very relevant to Al-Arz and not the least
to Lote-Tree. Cutting of wild and shrubby Lote tree may not be described as a
big sin. As a matter of fact, the cutting of old Ziziphus help in its
quick regeneration.
In another Hadith, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has been reported to have told
his companions that the Sidrat al-Muntaha was a huge tree with its
leaves (branches) looking like the ears of an elephant and its fruits like the
water pots of Hajr (a place in Arabia). Now, if the tree with branches and cones
i.e. fruits (given in this book) are closely observed, one is bound to
appreciate the simile given by the Prophet.
There are several Traditions given
in Bukhari, Tirmidhi and other Traditions wherein advice has been given to mix
Sidr leaves in the warm water meant for giving bath to the dead body.
Here, the leaves of Cedrus libani and Juniperus oxycedrus are
really most suitable as disinfectant because of the fact that both these plants
contain an essential oil which is highly efficacious as deodorant and
disinfectant. But in the absence of these two plants, Z.lotus or
Z.spina-christi leaves are a poor substitute.
There are several Traditions transmitted by Ja’far Sadiq, in Sharai al-Islam
etc, which indicate that the Sidr must have been the leaves having
antibacterial and cleansing properties. For instance, it has been reported that
Prophet used to wash his clothes with Ragvah (lather, foam) of Sidr
and that this practice was followed by earlier Prophet too. The importance of
Sidr is highlighted by another Tradition from the same source which says,
‘Watering the Plants of Sidr and Talh (Acacia species) is an equal
to giving water to a thirsty Believer.” These Traditions also strengthen the
proposition that Sidr was actually the tree Cedar and not Jujube.
According to Professor Lytton Musselman in his Treatise on Bible Plants, an old
Cedar is noble in bearing. No wonder it is an image of a Mighty King— regal,
strong, tenacious. It is also likened to an upright man. Noble as a timber,
cedar is resistant to decay, fragrant, and has a beautiful grain. Apparently it
could not be harvested without a royal decree.
A lesser known use of cedar was in oblations for purification. One example is
the cleansing for leprosy. This offering required cedar wood. Details are not
given, but it seems likely that small pieces of cedar were used for their
fragrance.
In view of the facts described above the Quranic Sidrah (Sidr) is most
likely the Cedar of Lebanon and to relate it with Lote-Tree seems to be a
historical misunderstanding, which perpetuated till today in the prevalent local
names of the plants.
According to Encyclopedia Mythica, Sidrat al-Muntaha-The furthermost tree
or the last destination tree is a Divine tree in al-Jannah-the Paradise,
seen by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during his trip of Meraj. (Lilut
al-Isra wa al-Mi’raj-Night Journey & Ascension). Sidrat al-Muntaha is
not the Lotus tree.
Micha F. Lindemans says that Sidrat Al-Muntaha —”Cedar of the end”. is
the huge tree that stands in heaven
on the seventh stratum, just under God’s throne.-
(Encyclopedia Mythica).
Ibn Abbas narrated that the companion, Abu Bakur at the age of 18, accompanied
the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to Cham for trade. Stopped at a Sidrah tree,
the Prophet Muhammad sat under its shade while Abu Bakr went up to a friar
called ”Bohaira”. The following discourse took place: “Who is that sitting under
the Sidrah shade? ”Bohaira asked
“Muhammad bin Abdullah” Abu Bakr replied.
“I swear by Allah this is Allah’s Prophet! No one has sat under it since
”Jesus’ done except Muhammad. (Cf., al-Riyadh al-Natherah-The Ripe
Meadows,Vol.1, P.419).
Originally native to Asia Minor. Currently found in the Jebel Alaonite mountains
in Syria, and Lebanon , where it is now very rare but it is still plentiful in
the Taurus and Cilician Taurus in Turkey. It grows between 1300 and 2100 m
elevation. Quite hardy, this light-demanding and calciphile species grows rather
slowly”.
More than 1000 years (This species is mentioned often in the Old Testament of
the Bible. For example, the First Temple of Solomon was built of it (see 1 Kings
5:6). In modern times, Cedar of Lebanon is widely cultivated as an ornamental
species The Cedar of Lebanon is cited numerous times in religion and mythology.
The Cedar of Lebanon aided society not only culturally but was the basis of
numerous economies for ancient civilizations. The cedar had been used for the
construction of temples, palaces, and boats. The export of cedar wood to Egypt
was an important factor in the growth of Phoenician prosperity and provided
capital to launch the more ambitious enterprises in international trading,
navigation, and arts and crafts. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians were not
alone in utilizing the cedar. The Assyrians, Nebuchdrezzar, the Romans, King
David, King of Babylonia, Herod the Great, and the Turks in the Ottoman Empire
all exploited the cedars. During the War of 1914-1918, most of the remaining
stands were exploited and destroyed for railroad fuel. As a consequence, the
extent of the cedars in Lebanon has dramatically declined.
It is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 40 m (130 ft) tall, with
a trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) diameter. The leaves are needle-like, spaced out
on the long shoots, and in clusters of 15-45 on the short shoots.
Cedar of Lebanon was important to various civilizations. The trees were used by
the ancient Phoenicians for building trade and military ships, as well as houses
and temples. The Egyptians used its resin for mummification, and its sawdust was
found in the pharaoh’s tombs. The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh designates the
cedar groves of Lebanon as the dwelling of the gods to where Gilgamesh ventured.
They once burned cedar in their ceremonies.
Moses asked his followers to use the bark of the Lebanon Cedar in
circumcision and treatment of leprosy. Isaiah used the Lebanon Cedar as a
metaphor for the pride of the world.
Historically, extensive deforestation has occurred, with only small remnants of
the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in
the Lebanon and Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to 25 m (82 ft) tall
survive, though Pliny the Elder recorded cedars 40 m (130 ft) tall there.
Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region,
particularly Turkey, where over 50 million young cedars are being planted
annually. The Lebanese populations are also now expanding through a combination
of replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing by goats. The
Lebanese flag, with the Lebanon Cedar in the middle The Lebanon Cedar has always
been the national emblem of Lebanon, and it is seen on the Lebanese Flag. As a
result of long exploitation, very few old trees remain in Lebanon, but there is
now an active program to conserve and regenerate the forests. The forest of the
Cedars in Bsharri and the Barouk
forest are national reserves in Lebanon. Extensive replanting is taking place in
Turkey, where approximately 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of cedar are planted
annually. ( Christopher J. Earle, Gymnosperm Database).
Important Traditions (Ahadith) on Sidrah :
‘Abd Allah Bin Habashi® reported the Apostle of Allah (PBUH)
as saying: if anyone cuts the Sidr, Allah brings him headlong into hell.
Hussain Bin Ibrahim (R) said: I asked Hisham Bin ‘Urwah about the cutting of
Sidr when he was leaning against the house of Urwah. He said- do you not see
these doors? – These were made of the Sidr of ‘Urwah, which ‘Urwah used to cut
from his land. He said there is no harm in it. Humaids version adds: you have
brought an innovation, O’ Iraqi. He said: I said: this innovation is from you. I
heard someone say at Mecca: the Apostle (PBUH) of Allah cursed him who cuts a
Sidr. He then mentioned the rest of the Edition to the same effect.
(The above Article is one of the Chapters of
Plants of the Quran by Dr. M.I.H.
Farooqi, 9th edition, 2011, Sidrah Publisher, Lucknow. email :
mihfarooqi@yahoo.com)
Valued Comments
1. Muscat Daily (April 19,
2011): Ruler of Oman, Sultan
Qaboos bin Said has honoured Dr. M.I.H.Farooqi (Alig), retired Senior Scientist
( Deputy Director), NBRI, with an Award of 25 Thousand US Dollars (Rs 12 lakhs)
in appreciation of his work
on PLANTS OF THE QURAN and
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TRADITIONS OF PROPHET MOHAMMAD.
2. Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (Letter, 3rd June, 2010)
I want you to know how impressed I am
by your work on Plants in the Qur’an and Medicinal Plants in the Traditions of
Prophet Mohammad.
3.
Dr. Mohammad Abdo Yamani, Chairman, IQRA International Educational Foundation,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
‘‘-Most impressive and interesting book. The book has really filled a
gap that has been yawning for centuries-and in the most perfect way-useful and
comprehensive informations-book shall remain and forever a unique attempt and a
useful accomplishment.’’
4.
Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi,
Founder-Member, Rabitah Al-Alami Al-Islami. and
Rector, Darul-Uloom Nadwat-ul-Ulema, Lucknow. ‘‘-observations and
identification of certain plants particularly with respect to Sidrah and Kafur
unrael severl knots and are of immense help in removing many confusions....this
work is not only useful and valuable but also an important addition to Quranic
literature.’’
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