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SMOKING IS HARAM (UNLAWFUL) IN ISLAM
by Ibrahim B. Syed,
Ph. D.
(This
article was first published in JIMA (Journal of Islamic Medical Association,
Volume 15, and No.4, 1983. The author holds the unique distinction and honor to
be the first Muslim Scholar in the world to declare Smoking is Haram. He did
with full conviction and courage. Twenty years later the Ulama have realized
the truth and every Muslim country in the world is following suit by declaring
Smoking is Haram.) SUMMARY Cigarette smoking is the most widespread example of drug dependence in the United States and in all the Islamic countries as well. The U.S. Surgeon General's Office considers cigarette smoking to America's worst drug addiction problem. Medical investigations show that cigarette smoking is a major factor in the development of many cases of cancer, heart trouble, chronic lung and respiratory disease and other ailments. Smoking causes more illness and death than all other drugs. Cigarette smoking in pregnant women results in deleterious health effects on their newborn children. These Findings and the revelations in the Holy Qur'an clearly prohibit smoking of tobacco by Muslims. Hence smoking is unlawful in Islam. Smoking and Health Effects It is very well known that cigarette smoking is the most widespread example of drug dependence in the United States. A pamphlet released by the U.S. Surgeon General's Office entitled "Why People Smoke Cigarettes" calls cigarette smoking America's worst drug addiction problem. It involves addiction to the drug nicotine in tobacco and possible other tobacco substances. An authoritative British report (1) stated that tobacco smoking is a form of drug dependence different from but no less strong than that of other addictive drugs—the most stable and well-adjusted person will, if he smokes at all, almost inevitably become dependent on the habit. An Australian government report of 1977 called Drug Problems in Australia - An Intoxicated Society (2), says, "It is important to recognize that smoking is a form of drug dependence, but one with especially insidious characteristics." Like many other drugs, the chemicals in cigarette affect the chemistry of the brain and nervous system and create dependence and lead to compulsive use. More than 56 million Americans and multiple scores of millions more in other nations, including Islamic nations (3) are hooked on cigarettes in the same way as caffeine addicts are hooked on caffeine. A major reason why sales continue at high levels despite widespread public knowledge about the health hazards is the addictive nature of cigarettes. Most people start smoking just to conform to peer or social pressures. They get a feeling of "grown up." They find smoking (nicotine) at first acts as a stimulant. Later they find they need to smoke as a tranquilizer. These smokers develop a level of tolerance and bodily adjustment to nicotine. If this level of nicotine is not maintained in their blood, they will experience uncomfortable physical-psychological dependence problems. These uncomfortable feelings are classic drug withdrawal symptoms. Addictive drugs are psychoactive which create brain and nervous system dependence and lead to compulsive use. Abrupt discontinuation leads to physiological and psychological distress. The withdrawal symptoms are headache, stomach discomfort, nervousness, irritability, sweating, change in heart and blood pressure and lower excretion of some hormones affecting the nervous system (4).
The former U.S.
Surgeon General, C. Everett Coop, says, "Cigarette smoking is clearly identified
as the chief preventable cause of death (340,000 deaths per year in U.S.A.). In
our society it is a major factor in the development of many cases of cancer,
heart trouble, chronic lung and respiratory diseases and other ailments. Smoking
causes more illnesses and death than all the other drugs."(5) Smoking and Islam In Islam cleanliness and hygiene are emphasized to the extent that it has been considered a part of Iman (faith). It is very well known that a smoker's mouth is unclean and foul smelling "like a cigarette ash-tray." Allah (SWT) says: "And forbids them what is bad." The Qur'an, Surah Al-'Araf, 7: 157 "0 ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling are an abomination of Satan's handiwork. Eschew such abominations that ye may prosper." Al Ma'idah, 5: 93 The word intoxicant has three meanings (6): (1) To induce, especially the effect of ingested alcohol. (2) To stimulate or excite. (3) To poison. Except the first meaning the latter two are very well valid and both applicable to nicotine and caffeine. Smoking is nothing but a form of slow suicide. The Qur'an says: "And slay not the life which Allah hath forbidden..." Surah, Al-Isra, 17: 33 "And make not your own hands contribute to your destruction." Surah, Al-Baqara, 2: 195 "Nor kill or destroy yourselves for verily Allah hath been to you most Merciful." Surah, An-Nisa, 4: 29
The Prophet of Allah (peace be upon him) has said: "Nor be hurt or injure others." It is scientifically proven that the exhaled smoke of the smoker is hazardous to non-smokers around him. The amount of money a smoker spends on cigarette smoking in a period of 30 years is calculated to be Two Hundred Thousand Dollars or more. All this money is simply wasted (not including the money spent on smoker's health care). Allah (SWT) says: "But squander not your wealth in the manner of a spend thrift, verily spendthrifts are brothers of evils." Surah, Al-Isra, 17: 26, 27 Body is polluted by smoking. Hence smokers cannot pray until they have cleansed themselves. According to the Qur'an: "0 ye who believe! Draw not near unto prayer when you are drunken, till ye know that which ye utter, nor when you are polluted save when journeying upon the road, till you have bathed." Surah, An-Nisa, 4: 43 The Christians consider the human body to be a sacred trust given to man by God because it contains the spirit breathed into it by God. Even the Qur'an says "So,when I have made him and have breathed unto him of My spirit, do ye fall down, prostrating yourselves unto him " Surah, Al-Hijr, 15: 29. Hence the physical body should not be polluted or injured or destroyed in any way by smoking or taking of alcohol or any type of habit-forming drugs. The following is presented as evidence to prove the adverse effects on human body by tobacco smoke; figure 1 shows the chemical structure of Benzo (a) pyrene which is one of the most potent carcinogens known to man to be present in the tobacco smoke. Table I shows a list of tumor-initiating agents present in the particulate phase of tobacco smoke. Tables 2 to 5 present the mortality ratios for coronary artery disease, lung cancer, and other diseases. Table 6 shows the adverse effects of smoking by pregnant women on themselves, their fetuses, and their children.
C 0 N C L U S 1 0 N For the foregoing reasons and for reasons considered elsewhere smoking is Haram or unlawful in Islam, hence smoking should be discouraged and finally banned in all Islamic countries. All smoking Muslims should give up this unhealthy and un-Islamic activity. The best way to give it up is to stop all smoking completely. Tapering off on the amount one smokes does not work for most people. It is not easy to quit suddenly, but it is presently the most successful way. There are many ways and techniques available for a serious minded person to give up smoking, which cannot be discussed here. For the Muslims who sincerely practice Islam and who submit themselves to the Will of Allah, this should not be a difficult task.
REFERENCES 1. The Royal College of Physicians, Smoking, or Health, Third Report 1977, p.98. 2. Drug Problems in Australia: An Intoxicated Society? A Report from the Senate Standing Committee on Social Welfare. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 1977. 3.Taha A.: Smoking and Muslim Countries: The immediate and serious Threat. J I M A. 14: 50-52, 1982. 4. Jaffee JH, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse (Ch.16), Clinical Characteristics: Nicotine. In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Goodman LS and Gilman A (Editors), Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc., New York, 1975. P. 305. 5. The Health Consequences of Smoking. The Changing Cigarette - a Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, P.H.S., Rockville, Maryland, 1981, DHSS (PBS) 81 - 50156. 6. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1978, P. 686. 7. Yusuf Al Qaradawi, Al Halal Wal Haram. Cairo, 1960. 8. Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. P.H.S. Publication NO.1103 U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 1965.
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